Wonder land

Around the world, children are excluded from schools where they belong because of disability, race, language, religion, gender, and poverty. But every child has the right to be supported by their parents and community to grow, learn, and develop in the early years, and, upon reaching school age, to go to school and be welcomed and included by teachers and peers alike. When all children, regardless of their differences, are educated together, everyone benefits—this is the cornerstone of inclusive education. What is inclusive education? Inclusive education means different and diverse students learning side by side in the same classroom. They enjoy field trips and after-school activities together. They participate in student government together. And they attend the same sports meets and plays. Inclusive education values diversity and the unique contributions each student brings to the classroom. In a truly inclusive setting, every child feels safe and has a sense of belo

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS METHOD USES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES THE LECTURE METHOD A formal or semi-formal discourse is which the instructor presents a series of events, facts, or principles, explores a problem or explains relationships 1. To orient students. 2. To introduce a subject. 3. To give directions on procedures. 4. To present basic material. 5. To introduce a demonstration, discussion, or performance. 6. To illustrate application of rules, principles, or concepts. 7. To review, clarify, emphasise or summarise. 1. Saves time. 2. Permits flexibility. 3. Requires less rigid space requirement. 4. Permits adaptability. 5. Permits versatility. 6. Permits better centre over contact and sequence. 1. Involves one way communication. 2. Poses problems in skill teaching. 3. Encourages student passiveness. 4. Poses difficulty in gauging student reaction. 5. Require highly skilled instructors. THE DISCUSSION METHOD A method in which group di

Achievement test- Definition, objectives, functions, characteristics Introduction Achievement test is an important tool in school evaluation and has great significance in measuring instructional progress and progress of the students in the subject area. Achievement means one’s learning attainments, accomplishments, proficiencies, etc. It is directly related to the pupil’s growth and development in educational situations. Tests should give an accurate picture of students’ knowledge and skills in the subject area or domain being tested. Accurate achievement data are very important for planning curriculum and instruction and for program evaluation. Test scores that overestimate or underestimate students’ actual knowledge and skills cannot serve these important purposes. Definition “Any test that measures the attainments and accomplishments of an individual after a period of training or learning”. NM Downie ‘The type of ability test that describes what a person has lea

Intelligence has been an important and controversial topic throughout psychology's history. Despite the substantial interest in the subject, there is still considerable disagreement about what exactly constitutes intelligence. In addition to questions of exactly how to define intelligence, the debate continues today about whether accurate measurements are even possible. At various points throughout recent history, researchers have proposed some different definitions of intelligence. While these definitions can vary considerably from one theorist to the next, current conceptualizations tend to suggest that intelligence involves the ability to: Learn. The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an important component of intelligence. Recognize problems. To put knowledge to use, people must first be able to identify possible problems in the environment that need to be addressed. Solve problems. People must then be able to take what the

CCE - Boon or Bane?    CCE - Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation. The latest education system introduced by CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education, India). The system is aimed at reducing the pressure studies exert on students of class 6th to 10th. It is also meant to evaluate a student on every basis. But does it really reduce the pressure? Does it actually evaluate the students in the right way? In one way, CCE is a great way of reducing the final exam phobia, because the chapters taught in the first term will not be repeated in the second (final) term. Thus, during the final exams, students have almost half the portion of what they used to have earlier. CCE dilutes the portion, and this often helps average and below average students to score better. Also, regular tests throughout the year ensure regular revision. CCE also introduced a Problem Solving Assessment (PSA) for the classes IX and XI, starting with the batches of 2012-2013. This PSA helps students

Counselling is the service offered to the individual who is under going a problem and needs professional help to overcome it. The problem keeps him disturbed high strung and under tension and unless solved his development is hampered or stunted. Counseling therefore is a more specialized service requiring training in personality development and handling exceptional groups of individuals.                                       According to Willey and Andrew Counseling involves two individuals one skeeking help and other a professionally trained person helped solved problems to orient and direct him to words a goals.                               Counselling is an integral part of an over-all programme of guidance. “Counselling is a specific process of assistance extended by an expert in an individual situation to a needy person”. This means the counseling situation arises when a needy person is face to face with and expert who makes available his assistance to the needy individual

Psychology of Education 1.Behaviourism: Learner is a passive organism who may be conditioned to learn new behaviours. Learning could be explained, therefore, by change in observable behaviour. An eminent few of the behaviourist E.L.Thorndike postulated the law of exercise and the law of effect. Law of exercise: Repeating a conditioned response would strengthen the bond between stimulus and response. In other words, “practice makes perfect”. Law of effect: Law of effect or the principle of reinforcement and punishment. According to this any behaviour followed by pleasure would strengthen the behaviour and any behaviour followed by pain would decrease the behaviour. 2.Gestalt Psychology: Believes that the “whole” is greater than the sum of its parts. For example, in the human body, there are cells tissues, bones etc, yet the sum of its all, the human body is greater than the sum of its parts. This is because the parts are inter-related to each other. Ge

Indian and International thinkers, philosophers and teachers 1.Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi promoted Basic Education wherein the child was to also learn a skill / trade along with academic work. Thus, the school was to develop as a self sufficient institution. Books: To the Students, The Problem of Education, Toward New Education, Basic Education, True Education. 2. Ravindranath Tagore Ravindranath Tagore   believe that learning should take place in nature and from nature and not be restricted to the classroom. 3. J Krishnamurti J Krishnamurti   proposed in a comprehensive view of education which wood transform the human mind. According to him, the religious spirit and the scientific attitude should form part of the same consciousness. Books: On Education, Life Ahead, Education and the Significance of Life. 4. Sri Aurobindo His idea of ‘Integral education’ is a unique concept. He has expounded the education